[WIP] factor out trace functionality into separate package and add Go docs

This commit is contained in:
Christian Schwarz
2020-04-25 12:39:59 +02:00
parent 1ae087bfcf
commit fc9dbdf449
31 changed files with 392 additions and 254 deletions
+311
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
// package trace provides activity tracing via ctx through Tasks and Spans
//
// Basic Concepts
//
// Tracing can be used to identify where a piece of code spends its time.
//
// The Go standard library provides package runtime/trace which is useful to identify CPU bottlenecks or
// to understand what happens inside the Go runtime.
// However, it is not ideal for application level tracing, in particular if those traces should be understandable
// to tech-savvy users (albeit not developers).
//
// This package provides the concept of Tasks and Spans to express what activity is happening within an application:
//
// - Neither task nor span is really tangible but instead contained within the context.Context tree
// - Tasks represent concurrent activity (i.e. goroutines).
// - Spans represent a semantic stack trace within a task.
//
// As a consequence, whenever a context is propagated across goroutine boundary, you need to create a child task:
//
// go func(ctx context.Context) {
// ctx, endTask = WithTask(ctx, "what-happens-inside-the-child-task")
// defer endTask()
// // ...
// }(ctx)
//
// Within the task, you can open up a hierarchy of spans.
// In contrast to tasks, which have can multiple concurrently running child tasks,
// spans must nest and not cross the goroutine boundary.
//
// ctx, endSpan = WithSpan(ctx, "copy-dir")
// defer endSpan()
// for _, f := range dir.Files() {
// func() {
// ctx, endSpan := WithSpan(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("copy-file %q", f))
// defer endspan()
// b, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(f)
// _ = ioutil.WriteFile(f + ".copy", b, 0600)
// }()
// }
//
// In combination:
// ctx, endTask = WithTask(ctx, "copy-dirs")
// defer endTask()
// for i := range dirs {
// go func(dir string) {
// ctx, endTask := WithTask(ctx, "copy-dir")
// defer endTask()
// for _, f := range filesIn(dir) {
// func() {
// ctx, endSpan := WithSpan(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("copy-file %q", f))
// defer endspan()
// b, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(f)
// _ = ioutil.WriteFile(f + ".copy", b, 0600)
// }()
// }
// }()
// }
//
// Note that a span ends at the time you call endSpan - not before and not after that.
// If you violate the stack-like nesting of spans by forgetting an endSpan() invocation,
// the out-of-order endSpan() will panic.
//
// A similar rule applies to the endTask closure returned by WithTask:
// If a task has live child tasks at the time you call endTask(), the call will panic.
//
// Recovering from endSpan() or endTask() panics will corrupt the trace stack and lead to corrupt tracefile output.
//
//
// Best Practices For Naming Tasks And Spans
//
// Tasks should always have string constants as names, and must not contain the `#` character. WHy?
// First, the visualization by chrome://tracing draws a horizontal bar for each task in the trace.
// Also, the package appends `#NUM` for each concurrently running instance of a task name.
// Note that the `#NUM` suffix will be reused if a task has ended, in order to avoid an
// infinite number of horizontal bars in the visualization.
//
//
// Chrome-compatible Tracefile Support
//
// The activity trace generated by usage of WithTask and WithSpan can be rendered to a JSON output file
// that can be loaded into chrome://tracing .
// Apart from function GetSpanStackOrDefault, this is the main benefit of this package.
//
// First, there is a convenience environment variable 'ZREPL_ACTIVITY_TRACE' that can be set to an output path.
// From process start onward, a trace is written to that path.
//
// More consumers can attach to the activity trace through the ChrometraceClientWebsocketHandler websocket handler.
//
// If a write error is encountered with any consumer (including the env-var based one), the consumer is closed and
// will not receive further trace output.
package trace
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"strings"
"sync/atomic"
"time"
"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
)
var metrics struct {
activeTasks prometheus.Gauge
uniqueConcurrentTaskNameBitvecLength *prometheus.GaugeVec
}
func init() {
metrics.activeTasks = prometheus.NewGauge(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
Namespace: "zrepl",
Subsystem: "trace",
Name: "active_tasks",
Help: "number of active (tracing-level) tasks in the daemon",
})
metrics.uniqueConcurrentTaskNameBitvecLength = prometheus.NewGaugeVec(prometheus.GaugeOpts{
Namespace: "zrepl",
Subsystem: "trace",
Name: "unique_concurrent_task_name_bitvec_length",
Help: "length of the bitvec used to find unique names for concurrent tasks",
}, []string{"task_name"})
}
func RegisterMetrics(r prometheus.Registerer) {
r.MustRegister(metrics.activeTasks)
r.MustRegister(metrics.uniqueConcurrentTaskNameBitvecLength)
}
var taskNamer = newUniqueTaskNamer(metrics.uniqueConcurrentTaskNameBitvecLength)
type traceNode struct {
id string
annotation string
parentTask *traceNode
activeChildTasks int32 // only for task nodes, insignificant for span nodes
parentSpan *traceNode
hasActiveChildSpan int32
startedAt time.Time
endedAt time.Time
ended int32
}
// Returned from WithTask or WithSpan.
// Must be called once the task or span ends.
// See package-level docs for nesting rules.
// Wrong call order / forgetting to call it will result in panics.
type DoneFunc func()
// Start a new root task or create a child task of an existing task.
//
// This is required when starting a new goroutine and
// passing an existing task context to it.
//
// taskName should be a constantand must not contain '#'
//
// The implementation ensures that,
// if multiple tasks with the same name exist simultaneously,
// a unique suffix is appended to uniquely identify the task opened with this function.
func WithTask(ctx context.Context, taskName string) (context.Context, DoneFunc) {
var parentTask *traceNode
nodeI := ctx.Value(contextKeyTraceNode)
if nodeI != nil {
node := nodeI.(*traceNode)
if node.parentSpan != nil {
parentTask = node.parentSpan // FIXME review this
} else {
parentTask = node
}
}
taskName, taskNameDone := taskNamer.UniqueConcurrentTaskName(taskName)
this := &traceNode{
id: genID(),
annotation: taskName,
parentTask: parentTask,
activeChildTasks: 0,
hasActiveChildSpan: 0,
parentSpan: nil,
startedAt: time.Now(),
ended: 0,
endedAt: time.Time{},
}
if this.parentTask != nil {
atomic.AddInt32(&this.parentTask.activeChildTasks, 1)
}
ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, contextKeyTraceNode, this)
chrometraceBeginTask(this)
metrics.activeTasks.Inc()
endTaskFunc := func() {
if nc := atomic.LoadInt32(&this.activeChildTasks); nc != 0 {
panic(fmt.Sprintf("this task must have 0 active child tasks, got %v", nc))
}
if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&this.ended, 0, 1) {
return
}
this.endedAt = time.Now()
if this.parentTask != nil {
if atomic.AddInt32(&this.parentTask.activeChildTasks, -1) < 0 {
panic("parent task with negative activeChildTasks count")
}
}
chrometraceEndTask(this)
metrics.activeTasks.Dec()
taskNameDone()
}
return ctx, endTaskFunc
}
// Start a new span.
// Important: ctx must have an active task (see WithTask)
func WithSpan(ctx context.Context, annotation string) (context.Context, DoneFunc) {
var parentSpan, parentTask *traceNode
nodeI := ctx.Value(contextKeyTraceNode)
if nodeI != nil {
parentSpan = nodeI.(*traceNode)
if parentSpan.parentSpan == nil {
parentTask = parentSpan
} else {
parentTask = parentSpan.parentTask
}
} else {
panic("must be called from within a task")
}
this := &traceNode{
id: genID(),
annotation: annotation,
parentTask: parentTask,
parentSpan: parentSpan,
hasActiveChildSpan: 0,
startedAt: time.Now(),
ended: 0,
endedAt: time.Time{},
}
if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&parentSpan.hasActiveChildSpan, 0, 1) {
panic("already has active child span")
}
ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, contextKeyTraceNode, this)
chrometraceBeginSpan(this)
endTaskFunc := func() {
if !atomic.CompareAndSwapInt32(&parentSpan.hasActiveChildSpan, 1, 0) {
panic("impl error: hasActiveChildSpan should not change to 0 while we hold it")
}
this.endedAt = time.Now()
chrometraceEndSpan(this)
}
return ctx, endTaskFunc
}
func currentTaskNameAndSpanStack(this *traceNode) (taskName string, spanIdStack string) {
task := this.parentTask
if this.parentSpan == nil {
task = this
}
var spansInTask []*traceNode
for s := this; s != nil; s = s.parentSpan {
spansInTask = append(spansInTask, s)
}
var tasks []*traceNode
for t := task; t != nil; t = t.parentTask {
tasks = append(tasks, t)
}
var taskIdsRev []string
for i := len(tasks) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
taskIdsRev = append(taskIdsRev, tasks[i].id)
}
var spanIdsRev []string
for i := len(spansInTask) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
spanIdsRev = append(spanIdsRev, spansInTask[i].id)
}
taskStack := strings.Join(taskIdsRev, "$")
spanIdStack = fmt.Sprintf("%s$%s", taskStack, strings.Join(spanIdsRev, "."))
return task.annotation, spanIdStack
}
func GetSpanStackOrDefault(ctx context.Context, def string) string {
if nI := ctx.Value(contextKeyTraceNode); nI != nil {
n := nI.(*traceNode)
_, spanStack := currentTaskNameAndSpanStack(n)
return spanStack
} else {
return def
}
}
+230
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
package trace
// The functions in this file are concerned with the generation
// of trace files based on the information from WithTask and WithSpan.
//
// The emitted trace files are open-ended array of JSON objects
// that follow the Chrome trace file format:
// https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CvAClvFfyA5R-PhYUmn5OOQtYMH4h6I0nSsKchNAySU/preview
//
// The emitted JSON can be loaded into Chrome's chrome://tracing view.
//
// The trace file can be written to a file whose path is specified in an env file,
// and be written to web sockets established on ChrometraceHttpHandler
import (
"bufio"
"bytes"
"encoding/json"
"fmt"
"io"
"os"
"sync"
"sync/atomic"
"golang.org/x/net/websocket"
"github.com/zrepl/zrepl/util/envconst"
)
var chrometracePID string
func init() {
var err error
chrometracePID, err = os.Hostname()
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
chrometracePID = fmt.Sprintf("%q", chrometracePID)
}
type chrometraceEvent struct {
Cat string `json:"cat,omitempty"`
Name string `json:"name"`
Stack []string `json:"stack,omitempty"`
Phase string `json:"ph"`
TimestampUnixMicroseconds int64 `json:"ts"`
DurationMicroseconds int64 `json:"dur,omitempty"`
Pid string `json:"pid"`
Tid string `json:"tid"`
Id string `json:"id,omitempty"`
}
func chrometraceBeginSpan(s *traceNode) {
taskName, _ := currentTaskNameAndSpanStack(s)
chrometraceWrite(chrometraceEvent{
Name: s.annotation,
Phase: "B",
TimestampUnixMicroseconds: s.startedAt.UnixNano() / 1000,
Pid: chrometracePID,
Tid: taskName,
})
}
func chrometraceEndSpan(s *traceNode) {
taskName, _ := currentTaskNameAndSpanStack(s)
chrometraceWrite(chrometraceEvent{
Name: s.annotation,
Phase: "E",
TimestampUnixMicroseconds: s.endedAt.UnixNano() / 1000,
Pid: chrometracePID,
Tid: taskName,
})
}
var chrometraceFlowId uint64
func chrometraceBeginTask(s *traceNode) {
chrometraceBeginSpan(s)
if s.parentTask == nil {
return
}
// beginning of a task that has a parent
// => use flow events to link parent and child
flowId := atomic.AddUint64(&chrometraceFlowId, 1)
flowIdStr := fmt.Sprintf("%x", flowId)
parentTask, _ := currentTaskNameAndSpanStack(s.parentTask)
chrometraceWrite(chrometraceEvent{
Cat: "task", // seems to be necessary, otherwise the GUI shows some `indexOf` JS error
Name: "child-task",
Phase: "s",
TimestampUnixMicroseconds: s.startedAt.UnixNano() / 1000, // yes, the child's timestamp (=> from-point of the flow line is at right x-position of parent's bar)
Pid: chrometracePID,
Tid: parentTask,
Id: flowIdStr,
})
childTask, _ := currentTaskNameAndSpanStack(s)
if parentTask == childTask {
panic(parentTask)
}
chrometraceWrite(chrometraceEvent{
Cat: "task", // seems to be necessary, otherwise the GUI shows some `indexOf` JS error
Name: "child-task",
Phase: "f",
TimestampUnixMicroseconds: s.startedAt.UnixNano() / 1000,
Pid: chrometracePID,
Tid: childTask,
Id: flowIdStr,
})
}
func chrometraceEndTask(s *traceNode) {
chrometraceEndSpan(s)
}
type chrometraceConsumerRegistration struct {
w io.Writer
// errored must have capacity 1, the writer thread will send to it non-blocking, then close it
errored chan error
}
var chrometraceConsumers struct {
register chan chrometraceConsumerRegistration
consumers map[chrometraceConsumerRegistration]bool
write chan []byte
}
func init() {
chrometraceConsumers.register = make(chan chrometraceConsumerRegistration)
chrometraceConsumers.consumers = make(map[chrometraceConsumerRegistration]bool)
chrometraceConsumers.write = make(chan []byte)
go func() {
kickConsumer := func(c chrometraceConsumerRegistration, err error) {
debug("chrometrace kicking consumer %#v after error %v", c, err)
select {
case c.errored <- err:
default:
}
close(c.errored)
delete(chrometraceConsumers.consumers, c)
}
for {
select {
case reg := <-chrometraceConsumers.register:
debug("registered chrometrace consumer %#v", reg)
chrometraceConsumers.consumers[reg] = true
n, err := reg.w.Write([]byte("[\n"))
if err != nil {
kickConsumer(reg, err)
} else if n != 2 {
kickConsumer(reg, fmt.Errorf("short write: %v", n))
}
// successfully registered
case buf := <-chrometraceConsumers.write:
debug("chrometrace write request: %s", string(buf))
var r bytes.Reader
for c := range chrometraceConsumers.consumers {
r.Reset(buf)
n, err := io.Copy(c.w, &r)
debug("chrometrace wrote n=%v bytes to consumer %#v", n, c)
if err != nil {
kickConsumer(c, err)
}
}
}
}
}()
}
func chrometraceWrite(i interface{}) {
var buf bytes.Buffer
err := json.NewEncoder(&buf).Encode(i)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
buf.WriteString(",")
chrometraceConsumers.write <- buf.Bytes()
}
func ChrometraceClientWebsocketHandler(conn *websocket.Conn) {
defer conn.Close()
var wg sync.WaitGroup
defer wg.Wait()
wg.Add(1)
go func() {
defer wg.Done()
r := bufio.NewReader(conn)
_, _, _ = r.ReadLine() // ignore errors
conn.Close()
}()
errored := make(chan error, 1)
chrometraceConsumers.register <- chrometraceConsumerRegistration{
w: conn,
errored: errored,
}
wg.Add(1)
go func() {
defer wg.Done()
<-errored
conn.Close()
}()
}
var chrometraceFileConsumerPath = envconst.String("ZREPL_ACTIVITY_TRACE", "")
func init() {
if chrometraceFileConsumerPath != "" {
var err error
f, err := os.Create(chrometraceFileConsumerPath)
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
errored := make(chan error, 1)
chrometraceConsumers.register <- chrometraceConsumerRegistration{
w: f,
errored: errored,
}
go func() {
<-errored
f.Close()
}()
}
}
+27
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
package trace
import "context"
type contextKey int
const (
contextKeyTraceNode contextKey = 1 + iota
)
var contextKeys = []contextKey{
contextKeyTraceNode,
}
// WithInherit inherits the task hierarchy from inheritFrom into ctx.
// The returned context is a child of ctx, but its task and span are those of inheritFrom.
//
// Note that in most use cases, callers most likely want to call WithTask since it will most likely
// be in some sort of connection handler context.
func WithInherit(ctx, inheritFrom context.Context) context.Context {
for _, k := range contextKeys {
if v := inheritFrom.Value(k); v != nil {
ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, k, v) // no shadow
}
}
return ctx
}
+74
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
package trace
import (
"context"
"fmt"
"runtime"
"strings"
"sync"
)
// use like this:
//
// defer WithSpanFromStackUpdateCtx(&existingCtx)()
//
//
func WithSpanFromStackUpdateCtx(ctx *context.Context) DoneFunc {
childSpanCtx, end := WithSpan(*ctx, getMyCallerOrPanic())
*ctx = childSpanCtx
return end
}
// derive task name from call stack (caller's name)
func WithTaskFromStack(ctx context.Context) (context.Context, DoneFunc) {
return WithTask(ctx, getMyCallerOrPanic())
}
// derive task name from call stack (caller's name) and update *ctx
// to point to be the child task ctx
func WithTaskFromStackUpdateCtx(ctx *context.Context) DoneFunc {
child, end := WithTask(*ctx, getMyCallerOrPanic())
*ctx = child
return end
}
// create a task and a span within it in one call
func WithTaskAndSpan(ctx context.Context, task string, span string) (context.Context, DoneFunc) {
ctx, endTask := WithTask(ctx, task)
ctx, endSpan := WithSpan(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("%s %s", task, span))
return ctx, func() {
endSpan()
endTask()
}
}
// create a span during which several child tasks are spawned using the `add` function
func WithTaskGroup(ctx context.Context, taskGroup string) (_ context.Context, add func(f func(context.Context)), waitEnd DoneFunc) {
var wg sync.WaitGroup
ctx, endSpan := WithSpan(ctx, taskGroup)
add = func(f func(context.Context)) {
wg.Add(1)
defer wg.Done()
ctx, endTask := WithTask(ctx, taskGroup)
defer endTask()
f(ctx)
}
waitEnd = func() {
wg.Wait()
endSpan()
}
return ctx, add, waitEnd
}
func getMyCallerOrPanic() string {
pc, _, _, ok := runtime.Caller(2)
if !ok {
panic("cannot get caller")
}
details := runtime.FuncForPC(pc)
if ok && details != nil {
const prefix = "github.com/zrepl/zrepl"
return strings.TrimPrefix(strings.TrimPrefix(details.Name(), prefix), "/")
}
return ""
}
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
package trace
import (
"testing"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
)
func TestGetCallerOrPanic(t *testing.T) {
withStackFromCtxMock := func() string {
return getMyCallerOrPanic()
}
ret := withStackFromCtxMock()
// zrepl prefix is stripped
assert.Equal(t, "daemon/logging/trace.TestGetCallerOrPanic", ret)
}
+15
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
package trace
import (
"fmt"
"os"
)
const debugEnabled = false
func debug(format string, args ...interface{}) {
if !debugEnabled {
return
}
fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, format+"\n", args...)
}
+47
View File
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
package trace
import (
"encoding/base64"
"math/rand"
"os"
"strings"
"time"
"github.com/zrepl/zrepl/util/envconst"
)
var genIdPRNG = rand.New(rand.NewSource(1))
func init() {
genIdPRNG.Seed(time.Now().UnixNano())
genIdPRNG.Seed(int64(os.Getpid()))
}
var genIdNumBytes = envconst.Int("ZREPL_TRACE_ID_NUM_BYTES", 3)
func init() {
if genIdNumBytes < 1 {
panic("trace node id byte length must be at least 1")
}
}
func genID() string {
var out strings.Builder
enc := base64.NewEncoder(base64.RawStdEncoding, &out)
buf := make([]byte, genIdNumBytes)
for i := 0; i < len(buf); {
n, err := genIdPRNG.Read(buf[i:])
if err != nil {
panic(err)
}
i += n
}
n, err := enc.Write(buf[:])
if err != nil || n != len(buf) {
panic(err)
}
if err := enc.Close(); err != nil {
panic(err)
}
return out.String()
}
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
package trace
import (
"fmt"
"strings"
"sync"
"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
"github.com/willf/bitset"
)
type uniqueConcurrentTaskNamer struct {
mtx sync.Mutex
active map[string]*bitset.BitSet
bitvecLengthGauge *prometheus.GaugeVec
}
// bitvecLengthGauge may be nil
func newUniqueTaskNamer(bitvecLengthGauge *prometheus.GaugeVec) *uniqueConcurrentTaskNamer {
return &uniqueConcurrentTaskNamer{
active: make(map[string]*bitset.BitSet),
bitvecLengthGauge: bitvecLengthGauge,
}
}
// appends `#%d` to `name` such that until `done` is called,
// it is guaranteed that `#%d` is not returned a second time for the same `name`
func (namer *uniqueConcurrentTaskNamer) UniqueConcurrentTaskName(name string) (uniqueName string, done func()) {
if strings.Contains(name, "#") {
panic(name)
}
namer.mtx.Lock()
act, ok := namer.active[name]
if !ok {
act = bitset.New(64) // FIXME magic const
namer.active[name] = act
}
id, ok := act.NextClear(0)
if !ok {
// if !ok, all bits are 1 and act.Len() returns the next bit
id = act.Len()
// FIXME unbounded growth without reclamation
}
act.Set(id)
namer.mtx.Unlock()
if namer.bitvecLengthGauge != nil {
namer.bitvecLengthGauge.WithLabelValues(name).Set(float64(act.Len()))
}
return fmt.Sprintf("%s#%d", name, id), func() {
namer.mtx.Lock()
defer namer.mtx.Unlock()
act, ok := namer.active[name]
if !ok {
panic("must be initialized upon entry")
}
act.Clear(id)
}
}
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
package trace
import (
"fmt"
"sync"
"sync/atomic"
"testing"
"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
"github.com/willf/bitset"
)
func TestBitsetFeaturesForUniqueConcurrentTaskNamer(t *testing.T) {
var b bitset.BitSet
require.Equal(t, uint(0), b.Len())
require.Equal(t, uint(0), b.Count())
b.Set(0)
require.Equal(t, uint(1), b.Len())
require.Equal(t, uint(1), b.Count())
b.Set(8)
require.Equal(t, uint(9), b.Len())
require.Equal(t, uint(2), b.Count())
b.Set(1)
require.Equal(t, uint(9), b.Len())
require.Equal(t, uint(3), b.Count())
}
func TestUniqueConcurrentTaskNamer(t *testing.T) {
namer := newUniqueTaskNamer(nil)
var wg sync.WaitGroup
const N = 8128
const Q = 23
var fails uint32
var m sync.Map
wg.Add(N)
for i := 0; i < N; i++ {
go func(i int) {
defer wg.Done()
name := fmt.Sprintf("%d", i/Q)
uniqueName, done := namer.UniqueConcurrentTaskName(name)
act, _ := m.LoadOrStore(uniqueName, i)
if act.(int) != i {
atomic.AddUint32(&fails, 1)
}
m.Delete(uniqueName)
done()
}(i)
}
wg.Wait()
require.Equal(t, uint32(0), fails)
}