[WIP] add and use tracing API as part of package logging

- make `logging.GetLogger(ctx, Subsys)` the authoritative `logger.Logger` factory function
    - the context carries a linked list of injected fields which
      `logging.GetLogger` adds to the logger it returns
- introduce the concept of tasks and spans, also tracked as linked list within ctx
    - [ ] TODO automatic logging of span begins and ends, with a unique
      ID stack that makes it easy to follow a series of log entries in
      concurrent code
    - ability to produce a chrome://tracing-compatible trace file,
      either via an env variable or a `zrepl pprof` subcommand
        - this is not a CPU profile, we already have go pprof for that
        - but it is very useful to visually inspect where the
          replication / snapshotter / pruner spends its time
          ( fixes #307 )

util/semaphore/semaphore.go

@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@ import (
 	"context"
 
 	wsemaphore "golang.org/x/sync/semaphore"
+
+	"github.com/zrepl/zrepl/daemon/logging"
 )
 
 type S struct {
@@ -21,6 +23,7 @@ type AcquireGuard struct {
 
 // The returned AcquireGuard is not goroutine-safe.
 func (s *S) Acquire(ctx context.Context) (*AcquireGuard, error) {
+	defer logging.WithSpanFromStackUpdateCtx(&ctx)()
 	if err := s.ws.Acquire(ctx, 1); err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	} else if err := ctx.Err(); err != nil {

util/semaphore/semaphore_test.go

@@ -9,6 +9,8 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/zrepl/zrepl/daemon/logging"
 )
 
 func TestSemaphore(t *testing.T) {
@@ -24,12 +26,17 @@ func TestSemaphore(t *testing.T) {
 		beforeT, afterT uint32
 	}
 
+	ctx := context.Background()
+	defer logging.WithTaskFromStackUpdateCtx(&ctx)()
+
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	wg.Add(numGoroutines)
 	for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
 		go func() {
+			ctx, end := logging.WithTaskFromStack(ctx)
+			defer end()
 			defer wg.Done()
-			res, err := sem.Acquire(context.Background())
+			res, err := sem.Acquire(ctx)
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 			defer res.Release()
 			if time.Since(begin) > sleepTime {